Introduction
Neoclassical ballet is a 20th-century ballet style that emerged as a fusion of tradition and innovation, bridging the classical ballet heritage with modernist influences. The term “neoclassical” in ballet arose in the 1920s in reaction to the excesses of 19th-century Romantic and post-Romantic ballet, signaling a return to cleaner, more streamlined aesthetics. Exemplified by the works of George Balanchine, this style retained the rigorous technique of classical ballet but stripped away its ornate storytelling and theatrical extravagance. What resulted was a new classicism in dance – one that emphasized pure movement and musicality over narrative, paving the way for a modern era in ballet. This article defines neoclassical ballet and its main stylistic features, traces its historical development (from early 20th-century innovations through mid-century masterpieces), contrasts it with classical ballet and modern dance, and analyzes its contemporary presence and evolution in ballet companies worldwide.
Definition and Characteristics of Neoclassical Ballet
Neoclassical ballet is defined as a style of ballet that blends the traditional technique of classical ballet with modern artistic elements, resulting in performances that are often abstract and non-narrative in form. It draws on the advanced academic ballet vocabulary of the 19th century but “strips it of its detailed narrative and heavy theatrical setting.” In neoclassical works, form and movement take priority over story, creating a “streamlined aesthetic” with “clean lines” and an emphasis on the dancers’ technique and expression rather than elaborate plot devices. Below are the key aesthetic and stylistic features that distinguish neoclassical ballet:
Abstract or Minimal Narrative: Neoclassical ballets typically avoid the full-length fairy-tale plots of classical ballet. Instead, they are often plotless or have only a minimal, suggestive storyline. The choreography is driven more by musical structure or a central idea than by literal drama, emphasizing form over storytelling. Pantomime and literal mime gestures (common in 19th-century ballets) are largely eliminated, with movement itself carrying the meaning.
Minimalist Design and Costuming: In contrast to the ornate sets and lavish costumes of Romantic and classical ballets, neoclassical ballet employs simplified staging. Grand backdrops and tutus are replaced by sparse or abstract settings and simple practice attire (e.g. plain leotards, tights, or tunics). This pared-down visual presentation directs the audience’s focus to the dancers’ bodies and movements. Large ensembles in identical costumes give way to uncluttered scenes—often just a few dancers on a bare stage—so that choreography becomes the central spectacle.
Focus on Pure Dance and Form: The dance itself is the core artistic medium in neoclassical ballet, a sharp shift from the narrative-driven focus of earlier ballets. Choreography is frequently described as “plotless” or “musically driven”, meaning that it is structured chiefly around musical composition and movement invention rather than story. This approach, often called “dance for dance’s sake,” puts a spotlight on choreographic structure, patterns, and the interplay of bodies with music. The dancers’ movement – their lines, shapes, and energy – is the primary vehicle of expression, which Balanchine considered the true hallmark of the style.
Extended Classical Technique: Neoclassical ballet still uses the fundamental vocabulary of classical ballet (turnout of the legs, formal positions, pointe work for women, etc.), but it stretches and reinterprets that technique in innovative ways. Choreographers like Balanchine introduced new positions and unconventional shapes beyond the academic norms, incorporating off-balance tilts, unusual port de bras (arm movements), and a greater range of motion. For example, Balanchine often opened the hands (fully stretched fingers) rather than the delicate, curved hands of classical ballet, and he extended leg lines to appear longer by shifting the traditional placement. The classical lexicon thus became a jumping-off point for experimentation rather than a strict canon, granting dancers more freedom of body expression within the technique.
Speed and Athleticism: Neoclassical choreographers amplified the speed, attack, and energy of ballet movement. Compared to the measured, stately pace of many classical pas de deux or ensemble dances, neoclassical ballets demand brisk tempos and brisk transitions between steps. Balanchine, for instance, was known for pushing dancers to move “faster and bigger,” with quick footwork, swift changes of direction, and high-powered jumps and turns. The overall impression is often one of heightened athleticism and sharpness, as opposed to the romantic softness or genteel elegance of earlier ballet styles.
Musicality and Modern Influences: True to their name, neoclassical ballets often hark back to classical forms while embracing modern artistic influences. They are frequently set to classical or neoclassical music scores (e.g. Bach, Tchaikovsky, Stravinsky) which provide clear structure and form, though contemporary or experimental music is also sometimes used. Choreographers worked in close collaboration with composers and designers of their era, infusing their ballets with a modernist sensibility. The influence of early 20th-century modernism is evident in the crisp geometry and abstract thematic approach of neoclassical works, as well as in occasional departures from ballet conventions (such as flexed feet or quirky gestures inserted into the choreography). Yet, the modern elements are integrated in a way that “respects [ballet’s] codes” and lineage while extending its boundaries. The result is a style that feels both classic and contemporary – a rejuvenation of ballet’s formal beauty made relevant to the 20th-century (and now 21st-century) eye.
Historical Development and Key Figures
Origins in the Early 20th Century
In the early 1900s, many artists across disciplines began rebelling against the overly elaborate, emotionally saturated style of the late Romantic era. In art and music, this led to Neoclassicism: a modern re-appraisal of classical ideals – favoring simplicity, order, and clarity after the excesses of Romanticism. Ballet was part of this broad cultural shift. By the 1910s and 1920s, leading ballet innovators started to move away from the ornamented story-ballet tradition (epitomized by 19th-century works like Sleeping Beauty or Swan Lake) toward a leaner, more abstract approach. Nowhere was this more evident than in Sergei Diaghilev’s famous Ballets Russes company (active 1909–1929), which became an incubator of new ideas and styles. Under Diaghilev’s vision, ballet was modernized through groundbreaking collaborations: the Ballets Russes brought together classically trained dancers with avant-garde composers, artists, and fashion designers of the day. Diaghilev commissioned scores from composers like Igor Stravinsky and Maurice Ravel and designs from artists like Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Coco Chanel, integrating these modernist influences into ballet productions. This creative cross-pollination laid the groundwork for neoclassical ballet.
One of Diaghilev’s last choreographers – and the figure now most closely associated with neoclassical ballet – was George Balanchine. Trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, Balanchine was steeped in the pure classical technique of Petipa-era ballet, but he came of age in a time of artistic experimentation. In the 1920s Balanchine joined the Ballets Russes in Paris, where he had the opportunity to work with leading modernists in music and art. Rather than turning away from his classical foundation, Balanchine built upon it: he “extended traditional ballet positions, played with speed and freedom of movement, and incorporated new positions not traditionally seen in ballet.” This innovative spirit led to what is widely regarded as the first full-fledged neoclassical ballet, Balanchine’s Apollon Musagète.
George Balanchine’s Apollo (Apollon Musagète, 1928) – performed here by Serge Lifar and Alexandra Danilova – is often cited as the first neoclassical ballet. Created for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes with a score by Igor Stravinsky, Apollo marked a turning point away from the lush narratives of 19th-century ballet. The ballet’s subject (the young god Apollo and three Muses) provided a loose classical theme, but Balanchine’s choreography introduced a strikingly pared-down style. Early productions of Apollo still featured costumes and scenery inspired by Greek antiquity (as seen above), yet Balanchine would later eliminate these trappings – simplifying the costumes to plain white practice leotards and using virtually no set or props. This progressive stripping away of extraneous detail exemplified neoclassicism’s ethos: even within a mythological “story” ballet, the true focus shifted to the formal dance interplay between Apollo and the Muses.
When Apollon Musagète premiered in 1928, it still had touches of the old style – it was a narrative ballet with decorative set pieces – but Balanchine continually revised it in subsequent years, renaming it simply Apollo and removing any elements that distracted from the pure choreography. By the 1940s, Apollo was performed with dancers in unadorned white tunics against minimal staging. This evolution in Apollo mirrors Balanchine’s own artistic transformation. As critic Tim Scholl observed, Apollo represents “a return to form” and clarity in response to the more “abstract” experiments of earlier modernist ballets. Balanchine had not yet completely abandoned storytelling in 1928, but he was clearly moving toward a new aesthetic. Indeed, as Balanchine’s neoclassical style matured in the 1930s and 1940s, he produced increasingly “plotless, musically driven ballets” where “large sets and traditional tutus gave way to clean stages and plain leotards”, allowing the dancers’ movement to become the primary medium of art. This was the defining hallmark of the neoclassical approach.
Mid-Century Expansion: Balanchine in America and International Developments
In 1933, not long after Diaghilev’s death, Balanchine was invited by arts patron Lincoln Kirstein to the United States to start a new ballet company. Balanchine saw the opportunity to cultivate dancers in the style he envisioned, so he founded the School of American Ballet in 1934 in New York City. Through teaching, he shaped a generation of performers trained in a speedier, more angular, “American” interpretation of ballet. By 1948, Balanchine and Kirstein had launched the New York City Ballet (NYCB), which became the permanent home for Balanchine’s choreographic experiments. Over the next several decades, Balanchine choreographed dozens of ballets that refined and epitomized the neoclassical style. Many of his most famous works – Concerto Barocco (1941), The Four Temperaments (1946), Agon (1957), Episodes (1959), Jewels (1967), to name a few – were created in the U.S. for NYCB and remain emblematic of neoclassicism. These ballets were typically one-act, focused on the music’s structure (from Baroque concertos to contemporary scores by Stravinsky), and presented dancers in simple costumes (often just leotards and tights) performing sophisticated, plotless choreography. Agon (1957), for example, was a pathbreaking collaboration with Stravinsky featuring bold, angular movements and novel partnering; it had “none of the rebellious bile or satirical edge” of earlier avant-garde works, but instead “did not attack tradition; it changed it from the inside”. Such works demonstrated that ballet could be utterly modern without ceasing to be ballet: they expanded the art form internally, rather than overthrowing it.
Balanchine was the central figure of neoclassical ballet’s development, but he was not alone. Parallel innovations were happening in European ballet during the mid-20th century. In London, choreographer Frederick Ashton – founder choreographer of The Royal Ballet – incorporated neoclassical qualities into the emerging British ballet style. Ashton’s Symphonic Variations (1946) in particular stands as a landmark of British neoclassicism. It is a one-act ballet for six dancers with no plot, set to César Franck’s symphonic music, and it unfolds as “a non-programmatic work (i.e., without a clear narrative arc), [and] a powerful abstract spectacle for the human body”. The dancers remain on stage throughout, weaving through intricate formations that celebrate pure movement and harmony.
A scene from the Sadler’s Wells Ballet performing Ashton’s Symphonic Variations (1946). This ballet’s simple white costumes and lack of story exemplify the neoclassical focus on musicality and the “pure beauty of movement” in lieu of elaborate theatricality. As one of Ashton’s greatest works, Symphonic Variations helped establish a neoclassical idiom in British ballet, proving that abstract, plotless choreography could resonate deeply with audiences.
Around the same time, in Paris, the influential dancer-choreographer Serge Lifar carried the neoclassical torch. Lifar, a former Ballets Russes star, became ballet master at the Paris Opéra Ballet in the 1930s and invigorated that institution with a new, modernized classicism. He introduced what he called “academic dance freed from the exclusive repertoire of the 19th century”, experimenting with technique by sometimes relaxing strict turnout or allowing unconventional movements (for example, in one ballet he had dancers walk with parallel feet, breaking a classical taboo). Lifar’s creations included Icare (1935), a ballet performed initially without music, and Suite en blanc (1943), an austere all-white ballet composed of a series of abstract dance études. Lifar explicitly stated his intent to present “pure dance, independent of all other considerations” – Suite en blanc was “a ballet without a libretto” (without a storyline), consisting of “genuine little technical studies…related to each other through the same neo-classical style”. He removed all pantomime and dramatic acting from this work, “centr[ing]…the essence of his art” – the dancing itself – as the sole subject. Lifar’s neoclassical ballets, though less well-known internationally than Balanchine’s, likewise stripped ballet down to a showcase of movement, line, and choreographic form.
By the mid-20th century, neoclassical ballet had thus taken root in both America and Europe. Major ballet companies were adding abstract one-act ballets to their repertory alongside the traditional story ballets. Even choreographers known for storytelling took on a neoclassical sensibility in certain works. For example, Britain’s Kenneth MacMillan – famous for his dramatic full-length ballets – choreographed Concerto (1966) and Elite Syncopations (1974), plotless pieces that echoed neoclassical principles (simplified designs and emphasis on dancers’ virtuosity set to music). Similarly, John Cranko’s Onegin (Stuttgart, 1965), though a narrative ballet, employed pared-down choreography and intense focus on character expression through movement, reflecting neoclassical influence in its clarity and lack of decorative filler. These mid-century works illustrate how the neoclassical aesthetic permeated ballet production broadly: whether in pure abstract ballets or in leaner approaches to narrative, the values of musicality, streamlined design, and extended classical technique became part of the choreographic language across the West.
Balanchine continued to create prolifically into the 1960s and 70s, and one of his last great works, Jewels (1967), can be seen as a summation of ballet’s historical journey through a neoclassical lens. Jewels is a full-evening abstract ballet in three sections (Emeralds, Rubies, Diamonds), each styled after a different ballet era: the dreamy Emeralds nods to 19th-century French Romantic ballet, Rubies (set to Stravinsky) crackles with jazzy, modern energy, and Diamonds pays homage to the grandeur of classical Russian ballet. Yet none of the sections has a story or characters; the work is unified only by its evocation of moods and the glittering jewel motif. With Jewels, Balanchine demonstrated that even the grand tradition of evening-length ballet could be reimagined without narrative – a fully neoclassical evening about ballet itself. By this time, the neoclassical style was firmly established as a legitimate approach, not just an avant-garde experiment. It had become part of ballet’s new tradition.
Later 20th Century and the Transition to Contemporary Ballet
As the 20th century progressed, the line between “neoclassical” ballet and what would soon be called “contemporary” ballet grew increasingly fluid. Balanchine’s influence (and by extension, the neoclassical influence) can be seen in the next generations of choreographers who emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. These artists took the foundational idea of neoclassicism – that ballet technique could be used in fresh, inventive ways – and pushed it even further outside the classical box, often by integrating movements or concepts from modern dance. For instance, the choreographer William Forsythe, who trained in classical ballet, became known for deconstructing classical technique in aggressive, angular, yet bracingly athletic works from the 1980s onward. Forsythe’s ballets like In the Middle, Somewhat Elevated (1987) or Artifact (1984) exaggerated Balanchine’s off-balance shifts and fast footwork into something even more unorthodox, incorporating fractured lines and choreographic improvisation that challenged dancers’ sense of classical alignment.
Choreographers in this late-century period often blurred the distinction between neoclassical ballet and modern dance, giving rise to the hybrid genre now commonly called contemporary ballet. In fact, it is widely acknowledged that “neoclassical choreographers made it acceptable to color outside the lines, giving birth to the contemporary styles of today.” By loosening ballet’s strict rules and proving that ballet could evolve, pioneers like Balanchine set the stage for even more radical experimentation. Ballet companies started to regularly program works that featured barefoot dancers, floor work, or non-classical music—elements borrowed from modern dance—within the framework of ballet technique. The late 20th century thus saw neoclassicism evolving seamlessly into contemporary ballet, a process exemplified by works such as Jiří Kylián’s Sinfonietta (1978) and Petite Mort (1991), or Twyla Tharp’s In the Upper Room (1986), which all use strong ballet technique but transcend ballet’s traditional image.
By the turn of the 21st century, the influence of neoclassical ballet was omnipresent in the ballet world. The core ideas—focus on movement over story, simplicity in design, willingness to fuse classical technique with modern ideas—became part of the standard vocabulary of choreographers. The historical progression from classical to neoclassical to contemporary ballet is not so much a set of sharp breaks as a continuum: neoclassical ballet was the bridge that took the art form from the 19th century to the innovations of the 21st, without severing its ties to the past.
Neoclassical vs. Classical Ballet
Neoclassical ballet both builds upon and departs from the classical ballet of the Romantic and Imperial eras. Understanding the differences between the two styles highlights what exactly neoclassicism introduced to ballet. Key contrasts between classical and neoclassical ballet include:
Storytelling and Themes: Classical ballet is often narrative at its core – think of the clear fairy-tale or literary plots of Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, or Giselle. In classical works, dance sequences are woven into a dramatic storyline, and pantomime is frequently used to advance the plot. Neoclassical ballet, by contrast, usually dispenses with detailed storylines. As noted, neoclassical works tend to be abstract or “without a clear narrative arc”. Any theme is suggestive rather than literal, and there is little to no pantomime. The focus shifts from what is being danced (in terms of story content) to how it is being danced. This does not mean neoclassical ballets lack emotion or meaning; rather, they convey mood, musical ideas, or structural concepts instead of fairy-tale narratives. For example, where a classical ballet might tell the tragic love story of Romeo and Juliet through pantomimed scenes, a neoclassical piece might take the idea of romance or conflict and express it through abstract movement alone, without named characters or scripted scenes.
Design and Presentation: Traditional classical ballets are known for their opulent production values – elaborate scenery, painted backdrops of castles or forests, and rich costuming (tutus, crowns, wigs, etc.) that situate the story in a specific time and place. Neoclassical ballet decisively minimizes these elements. The stage is often nearly bare or uses only simple lighting and maybe a plain backdrop. Costumes are stripped down to undecorated leotards, simple skirts, or practice clothes; in many cases, all dancers wear a uniform style and color. This minimalist approach, as seen in Balanchine’s many “leotard ballets,” eliminates visual distractions and keeps the audience’s attention on the choreography itself . In classical ballets, by contrast, costumes and sets play a significant storytelling role (for instance, the splendor of a palace ballroom or the ethereal whiteness of a sylph’s tutu are integral to the atmosphere). Neoclassical works prove that ballet can captivate without those trappings – the spectacle comes from the movement on a clean canvas, so to speak.
Choreographic Style: Classical choreography adheres to a strict academic form that had been codified over centuries. The placement of arms, the shapes of poses, and even the patterns of group dances in classical ballet tend to follow symmetrical, harmonious lines. Corps de ballet dances in Petipa’s works, for example, often feature mirrored, regimented formations of dancers moving in unison, creating pleasing geometric patterns. Neoclassical choreographers broke away from some of these conventions. They felt free to introduce asymmetry and off-balance positions into ballet. The vertical and horizontal planes that define classical ballet’s sense of balance were deliberately challenged – dancers might lean off their center of gravity, or a group composition might look irregular and surprising rather than perfectly mirrored. Additionally, neoclassical ballets eliminate the padded dramatic sequences that classical ballets often include (for instance, mime interludes or character dances). Every moment in a neoclassical piece is typically pure dance content. The result is choreography that can appear more experimental or “edgy” in shape and structure, even though it uses classical steps. Balanchine famously incorporated flexed hands or turned-in legs at times, moves that would have been considered incorrect in earlier ballet but which he used for stylistic effect. This willingness to bend the academic rules marks a key difference in choreographic philosophy between the styles.
Technique and Movement Quality: Dancers in classical and neoclassical ballets are all highly trained in classical technique, but what is expected of them can differ. Classical ballet cherishes a smooth, flowing grace and an illusion of effortless floating (ballerinas often seem delicate, with an emphasis on lyrical continuity of movement). Neoclassical ballet demands a sharper, more attack-oriented energy. Movements in neoclassical pieces can be faster, crisper, and more forceful than those in classical repertoire. For instance, where a classical adagio might linger with soft, controlled développé extensions, a neoclassical piece might throw the leg up to an extreme height quickly or snap through a series of rapid pirouettes on a dime. There is also often greater athletic range: deeper lunges, higher jumps, and overall more risk-taking in balance and dynamics. In summary, the dynamics of neoclassical dance tend toward bold contrasts (sharp accents, swift changes) and virtuosic display, whereas classical dance often prioritizes a sustained, poetic elegance.
Use of Pointe Work: In classical ballet, female dancers virtually always wear pointe shoes and much of the choreography is built around the ethereal quality that dancing on pointe imparts. Neoclassical ballet still extensively uses pointe work (Balanchine certainly did), but it is somewhat less fetishized as a requirement at every moment. In some neoclassical ballets, choreographers even experimented with having dancers (male or female) perform sections in soft shoes or barefoot – something unheard of in a 19th-century classic. For example, in certain contemporary stagings of neoclassical works or in later neo-inspired pieces, a principal ballerina might briefly remove her pointe shoes for a duet to achieve a different quality of movement. The overall approach to pointe is more pragmatic: it’s one tool among many for effect, rather than a strict hallmark of femininity as in classical tradition.
Music and Atmosphere: Most classical ballets are set to Romantic-era orchestral scores (Tchaikovsky, Adam, Delibes, etc.) and the choreography closely matches the dramatic swell of that music. Neoclassical ballets, while often set to classical music as well, do not necessarily rely on lush, narrative music. They might use Baroque music, modernist scores, or even silence/percussion. The atmosphere in a neoclassical ballet is often more abstract – viewers might sense a tone or emotion, but it’s conveyed through the union of movement and music rather than through pantomimed story beats. A classical ballet aims to transport the audience to a specific time and place (e.g., medieval Scotland in La Sylphide or a mythical lake in Swan Lake), whereas a neoclassical ballet often creates an atmosphere of anywhere or an almost architectural space defined by movement and light. In short, neoclassical ballet modernized the form of ballet without discarding its technique – it is “the revival of a classical style” made “unique and brilliant” for its own era , whereas classical ballet represents the original form in its most ornate and narrative-rich state.
Neoclassical Ballet vs. Modern Dance
It is also instructive to distinguish neoclassical ballet from the modern dance movement that emerged in the early 20th century. Although they developed in parallel and both reacted against classical ballet’s artifice, neoclassical ballet and modern dance are fundamentally different branches of dance. Here are some key differences:
Continuity of Ballet Technique: Neoclassical ballet is an evolution within the classical ballet tradition – it maintains the core ballet vocabulary and training. In contrast, modern dance was a deliberate break away from ballet tradition. Pioneering modern dancers like Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham outright rejected the rigid techniques of ballet, viewing them as limiting or unnatural. Duncan famously declared classical ballet “ugly” and developed her own free-flowing movement style grounded in natural motion, dancing barefoot and eschewing formal technique. Modern dance innovators invented entirely new movement languages (Graham’s contraction-and-release, Humphrey’s fall-and-recovery, etc.), whereas neoclassical choreographers kept using ballet’s turnout, positions, and steps – just in a less constrained way. In essence, neoclassical ballet still looks like ballet (albeit a streamlined form), while true modern dance does not. Balanchine’s work lies “on the border between classical ballet and today’s contemporary ballet”, but it does not cross into the realm of modern dance’s completely separate idioms.
Use of the Body (Pointe vs. Barefoot, Vertical vs. Grounded): Ballet, whether classical or neoclassical, generally upholds certain physical norms: dancers strive for elongated, vertical lines, lifted torsos, and (in the case of women) the use of pointe shoes to achieve an airy quality. Neoclassical ballet relaxes these norms slightly (allowing, say, an off-center tilt or an occasional flat-footed pose), but it still mostly fits within ballet’s vertical, pulled-up aesthetic. Modern dance, on the other hand, explored a very different relationship with gravity and the floor. Modern dancers perform barefoot, emphasizing grounded, weighty movements and floorwork (rolling, kneeling, crawling) that classical ballet studiously avoids. Early modern choreographers incorporated everyday motions and non-balletic techniques – for example, Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn experimented with incorporating folk dance, athletic movements, and non-Western dance influences, “liberat[ing] dance from the constraints” of European ballet’s rules. While a neoclassical ballerina still balances on pointe (the symbol of ballet’s defiance of gravity), a modern dancer might press their weight into the floor or use deliberate falls as part of the vocabulary. These fundamental differences in technique and use of the body set modern dance apart from even the freest neoclassical ballet.
Philosophy and Intent: The ethos of modern dance was one of rebellion and radical change – it sought to express raw human emotion, social concerns, or abstract ideas in new ways that often rejected the polished beauty prized by ballet. Modern dance pioneers valued individual expression over tradition: their works were often intensely personal or avant-garde, sometimes even lacking music or using experimental sound. Neoclassical ballet, by contrast, was not about rejecting ballet’s beauty, but rather about renewing it. Neoclassical choreographers certainly innovated, but they did so inside the framework of ballet’s aesthetic. Where modern dance might present a dancer in a simple tunic moving with stark, angular gestures to percussive beats (with a message of anguish or political protest), a neoclassical ballet would more likely present dancers in leotards performing stretched lines and quick footwork to a Stravinsky concerto – abstract and modern in feel, but still recognizing ballet’s emphasis on formal beauty and harmony. In short, modern dance was an alternative to ballet, with different goals and values, whereas neoclassical ballet was a modernization of ballet, sharing much of ballet’s core DNA.
Integration into Contemporary Forms: Over time, the distinctions have blurred somewhat – many contemporary ballet works today incorporate elements of modern dance (such as greater use of the torso, floor, or pedestrian movements). This is a direct legacy of neoclassicism opening the door. However, historically, one could say that neoclassical ballet and early modern dance were parallel responses to the same impulse (to update dance for the 20th century) but in different arenas. It wasn’t until later in the century that the two streams began to fuse into what we now call contemporary ballet. A telling anecdote is that while Balanchine was pioneering neoclassical ballet in the 1940s, Martha Graham was pioneering modern dance – their works were vastly different in look and technique, yet both were considered bold and “modern” in the broader sense. Only in the late 20th century did some choreographers (like Twyla Tharp, Jiří Kylián, or William Forsythe) consciously synthesize the ballet and modern dance vocabularies. That synthesis owes a debt to neoclassical ballet’s demonstration that ballet could stretch and adapt. Without neoclassicism’s internal reform of ballet, the later fusion of ballet with modern dance might not have been possible.
In summary, neoclassical ballet stays within the classical ballet tradition even as it modernizes it, whereas modern dance established a separate tradition outside of ballet. Both sought new expressive potential in the early-to-mid 20th century, but one did so by extending ballet’s language and the other by inventing a new language. Today, the influences of both can be seen overlapping in many performances, but their origins and methods were distinct.
Contemporary Presence and Evolution of Neoclassical Ballet
Far from being a historical artifact, neoclassical ballet remains a vital part of the repertory and continues to evolve in the hands of today’s choreographers. Many of the seminal neoclassical works created in the mid-20th century are now considered classics of ballet and are performed by companies all over the world. George Balanchine’s ballets, in particular, are ubiquitous: the company he founded, New York City Ballet, still devotes a large portion of its seasons to Balanchine’s neoclassical pieces, and other leading companies regularly stage them as well (through the Balanchine Trust licensing system) . His Apollo, Serenade, Concerto Barocco, Agon, Jewels and numerous others have become standard works in the international ballet repertoire, ensuring that the neoclassical style and its technical demands are continually passed to new generations of dancers. Likewise, the works of Frederick Ashton (such as Symphonic Variations or Monotones) and other mid-century neoclassical choreographers are kept alive by companies like The Royal Ballet and Paris Opéra Ballet. In effect, the great neoclassical ballets now occupy a role similar to the 19th-century classics – they are treasured masterworks that dancers aspire to perform and audiences worldwide can appreciate, even as ballet moves forward.
Crucially, neoclassical ballet also laid the groundwork for the subsequent wave of choreography known as contemporary ballet. The loosening of ballet’s strictures that Balanchine and his peers initiated gave later artists the freedom to experiment even further. As one commentary put it, the neoclassical pioneers “paved the way for contemporary [ballet] styles of today” . Many prominent choreographers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries draw direct inspiration from the neoclassical tradition while incorporating contemporary innovations. For example, William Forsythe is often cited as an heir to Balanchine’s legacy; he took the neoclassical penchant for speed, angularity, and abstraction and pushed it into bold new territory, deconstructing classical technique entirely and infusing it with improvisational and conceptual elements. Jiří Kylián, though rooted in ballet technique, brought a lyrical, ground-influenced fluidity from modern dance into his works for Nederlands Dans Theater, creating a synthesis that feels like the next step after neoclassicism. Choreographers such as Christopher Wheeldon, Alexei Ratmansky, and Justin Peck also continue to create ballets that marry classical form to fresh, modern ideas, much in the spirit of the neoclassical ethos. They often use contemporary music and address contemporary themes, but the clarity of form and the primacy of dance movement in their works harken back to the neoclassical style.
Contemporary evolution of the neoclassical style: Boston Ballet principal Derek Dunn in William Forsythe’s Blake Works III (The Barre Project) (2021). Forsythe’s choreography extends the neoclassical ballet vocabulary into ever more kinetic and inventive directions. Dancers perform in simple practice attire on a bare stage, showcasing athletic leaps and off-center shapes that deconstruct classical technique while still celebrating its fundamentals. Modern works like this demonstrate how the neoclassical tradition is a living, ongoing continuum. Choreographers today maintain ballet’s classical rigor but feel free to incorporate avant-garde movement, diverse musical genres, and innovative staging. The result is that the boundary between “neoclassical” and “contemporary” ballet is often fluid – many current works could be described as both.
Around the globe, nearly every major ballet institution now performs a mix of classical, neoclassical, and contemporary ballets, illustrating the lasting impact of the neoclassical movement. Companies such as the Paris Opéra Ballet and the Mariinsky Ballet (once the stronghold of 19th-century classics) have embraced Balanchine ballets and similar works, integrating them into their seasons. The Bolshoi Ballet and Royal Ballet regularly invite neoclassically influenced choreographers to create new pieces, thereby refreshing their repertoire with works that have the sleekness of neoclassicism. Meanwhile, the New York City Ballet, San Francisco Ballet, Het Nationale Ballet (Dutch National), Royal Danish Ballet, and many others continue to commission ballets that carry forward the neoclassical lineage. It is common now to see programs that pair a 19th-century Petipa pas de deux with a Balanchine ballet and a brand-new creation – a testament to how neoclassical ballet has become an integral link between the old and the new.
In the 21st century, the influence of neoclassical ballet is also evident in the training and aesthetics of dancers. The “Balanchine technique” – emphasizing speed, clarity, and a very elongated line – is taught widely and has influenced the general style of ballet dancers even in classical roles. The preference for ever-greater flexibility, longer lines, and musical precision in today’s ballet can be traced to the neoclassical impact. Dancers are expected to have the versatility to move from a pure classical style in one piece to a neoclassical or contemporary attack in the next, reflecting the genre-blurring inheritance of Balanchine’s revolution.
In conclusion, neoclassical ballet occupies a central, enduring place in ballet history and practice. It can be seen as the bridge between classical ballet and modern movement – a style that honored the essence of ballet’s technique while emancipating it from narrative literalism and excessive ornamentation. Historically, neoclassicism in ballet represented a bold aesthetic shift that rescued ballet from stagnation and aligned it with 20th-century artistic values of abstraction and form. Today, it continues to thrive both in the preservation of mid-century masterpieces and in the creation of new works that expand on its principles. Neoclassical ballet’s legacy is a ballet art form that is more diverse, musically rich, and choreographically inventive. As ballet companies around the world perform Balanchine’s Agon one night and a cutting-edge contemporary premiere the next, the through-line is clear: the neoclassical mindset – “free of distractions” yet “reminiscent of the Classical period, except bolder and more assertive” – remains a driving force in keeping ballet alive, evolving, and relevant in the modern era.
Sources:
1. Wikipedia contributors. Neoclassical ballet. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (Definition and emergence in the 1920s, Balanchine’s role, stylistic description).
2. Les Grands Ballets Canadiens. Neoclassical Ballet. grandsballets.com. (Overview of neoclassical ballet blending academic technique with modernist innovation; examples of contemporary neoclassical choreographers).
3. Boston Ballet. The Four Major Styles of Ballet. (Description of neoclassical ballet’s characteristics: speed, attack, stripped-down production; influence on contemporary ballet).
4. Pressbooks (HUMA 1301: Storytelling). Ballet in the Neoclassical Period. (Explanation of neoclassical ballet as using traditional vocabulary in a less rigid way; Balanchine’s focus on technique and virtuosity; first neoclassical works like Apollo).
5. MasterClass. Neoclassical Ballet Guide: 5 Elements of Neoclassical Ballet. (Summary of neoclassical ballet definition, history, and key stylistic elements like abstract storylines, minimalism, faster movement).
6. Medici.tv – Program notes. Frederick Ashton’s Symphonic Variations. (Noted as a non-narrative, abstract ballet for six dancers, exemplifying British neoclassicism).
7. Numeridanse. Neoclassicism in Europe and the United States (1930–1960). (Scholarly context on term usage and examples: Lifar’s contributions, Suite en blanc described as pure dance without narrative).
8. En Xoro Dance School. Neoclassical Ballet. (Notes Balanchine as pioneer, Apollo (1928) as first neoclassical ballet, and Ashton’s works in the style).
9. Zarely Dance Blog. Classical Ballet vs Contemporary Ballet. (Background on how modern dance rebelled against ballet – e.g., Duncan’s free movement – and how Balanchine’s neoclassical style lies between classical and contemporary ballet).
10. Langeek Dance Dictionary. Neoclassical ballet. (Definition emphasizing mix of classical technique with innovative steps, abstract emphasis, clean lines, and use of classical or modern music).
